二、应试技巧 熟练掌握单词拼写是英语学习的基本功。为帮助同学们做好这道题,特提复习建议如下:
1 .熟练掌握构词法。通过掌握构词法,可以减轻记忆的负担,增强记忆的效果;要通过构词法的知识来分析每个生词的构成,可以加深印象,温故知新。
2. 单词学习以理解为基础。既要掌握单词拼写,又要了解词义、词性。最重要的是结合课文和典型的例句来学习,加强对生词的理解和记忆。
3. 记忆单词要日积月累。学完一课,要掌握一课的单词。同时,根据遗忘规律,及时巩固、复习学过的单词,保持长久的记忆。
V. 词形变化填空题 (word Form) 一、题解 这个题型主要考查动词的形态变化,也就是说,根据句子的实际情况将动词的原形变为适当的形式。还包括少量的试题考查形容词或副词的比较级或最高级的形式变化,尤为重要的是几个不规则变化的形容词和副词。还可能考查名词和代词的词形变化,名词主要考查变复数的规则、不规则变化;代词有人称、性、数和格的变化,如何变化,要看代词所代替的名词的性质及该代词在句中担任的成分而定。
二、应试技巧 1 .熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。 注意:动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式,如时态、语态及语气 ( 直陈、虚拟 ) 等,虚拟语气为重点,几年来的考题中都有这方面内容;也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时,首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后再作相应的变化。
2. 认真学好并熟悉课文。 本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的,其中多数来自课文,所以熟悉教材十分重要。
3. 认真钻研相关的语法讲解: 主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动词、虚拟语气、形容词比较级、最高级等部分。 动词:动词是考试的重点。主要包括:动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。
1) 动词的时态:重点是动词的过去时、完成时 Seeing violence one television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ______ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.
They used to ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day at that time.
Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.(02\10 have deteriorated)
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.(02\10 had happened)
Some proverbs ______(be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, “ A friend in need is a friend indeed. ”
In the past two decades , research ______(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams.(has expanded)
2) 动词的语态:主要掌握各个时态的被动式
The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan , Russia , and the United States.(are involved)
3) 动词的语气:
A. 掌握非真实条件句中,谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。
If you had come earlier, you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.
If it hadn ' t been for your help, we _____(be) in real trouble.
B. 在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,由“动词原形”或“ should + 动词原形”构成。
I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. 02\10
They demanded that the right to vote ______( give ) to every adult person.
C. 动词 wish 、 would rather (sooner) 、 if only 、 as if 后的虚拟语气。
I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year. 00\4
She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. 02\10
The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before. 01\4 had met
If only we ______(have) a phone! I ' m tired of waiting outside the public phone box.
D. in case, for fear that, lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为 (should) + 原形。
He took his umbrella with him lest it _______rain.
E. 在 It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词为过去时。
It ' s high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. F. 时间错综条件句。
4) 动词的非谓语动词形式:
A. 动词不定式 :主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式与完成式。
不定式作定语: If there is no choice, there is no decision ______(make)
不定式作宾语: Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning ________(see).(to be seen)
It has been proved that their best ideas seem _____(occur) when they were relaxing.
不定式作宾补: They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.
B. 分词:主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。 另外,还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。
分词作定语: Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _____(use) in experiments may decrease.
An organization is a group of people, and a decision ______(make) today may have consequences far into the future.
分词作状语: When ______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.
________ (tell) that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in the supermarket. (01\10 having been told).
Her body, with hands and feet _______(bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound
分词做宾补: They may have their passports ______(remove), making leaving or “ escaping ” actually impossible.
动名词作宾语 : If you cannot understand, ask: “ Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question, please ? ”
If we don ' t start out now, we must risk ______(miss) the train.
形容词副词 :
The more time you waste, the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.(Easier)
We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the ______ its population is likely to be.
The ______(far) away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes.
As Jane was the _____(old), she looked after the other children in the family.02\10 (eldest )
词性转换 :
The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation.
These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its function.
VI. 汉译英 (Translation from Chinese into English)
一、题解
本题主要测试考生主动运用英语的能力。通常每个句子包含一个或一个以上的语法重点,如时态,被动语态,非谓语动词,复合句,虚拟语气,强调句,倒装句或某个常用词组。它共有五个汉语句子,要求译成英语,每句 3 分,共 15 分。
按考纲规定,汉译英题中的句子是根据教材中的句子编写的。由于教材课文中的句子大多数都比较长,所以实际考试的句子一般比原文的句子简短,有的句子是根据教材中的语法、课文或词汇的练习题编写,还有的则是教材以外的句子。
它的评分,参照如下标准:译文理解正确,表达通顺,无语法大错,可给 3 分;译文理解正确,表达大部分通顺,有 1 个语法大错,可给 2 分:译文理解正确,表达基本通顺,有 2 个语法大错,可给 1.5 分:译文理解基本正确,表达一般,有较多的语病,可给 1 分;比第四等级更差的译句,不给分;拼写错误、用词错误等因素进行综合考虑,每句酌情扣 0.5 一 1 分。
二、应试技巧
1 .事先筹划,再来做题
在翻译每一个句子时,一定要事先筹划:先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构,是简单句还是复合句,或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句,那么要明确哪部分是主句,从句采用的形式,是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内,主语是什么,谓语用什么时态,是主动还是被动,要不要虚拟语气,这些都要事先筹划好。
然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中,要格外注意一些细节问题: 1) 仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组; 2) 名词的复数形式,动词的不规则变化,主谓语的一致性: 3) 单词的拼写,标点符号,大小写,冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。
2 、灵活处理,提高把握
在翻译过程中,有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写,这时千万不能灰心丧气,甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着,更不要用汉字去替代。
对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理,有些没把握的结构,可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如,复合句没有把握,可以用两个简单句来表示;分词做状语没有把握,可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如:这个由 10 人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。
The panel/committee/board consisting of /
Which was composed of
Which was made up of
Which consist of
10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision.
3 、注意书写和卷面整洁
这个问题本来可以不提,但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来,一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来,例如“ r ”“ V ”,不分,“ i ” “ l ” , 不分……,有的常常遗忘标点符号,从而造成不必要的丢分。
在对此题进行备考复习时,首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习,特别是作业中的错误之处,要进行思考,以求提高水平和技巧。
其余的,则可和总复习一起进行,如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中,对一些重点句、重点语法现象,除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英”这方面想一想,自己给自己提问题:若要考汉译英,这部分可能出什么类型题?这样就会印象更深。
VI. 英译汉 (Translation from English Into Chinese)
一、题解
英译汉题是一篇短文,要求将其译成正确、通顺的汉语。从最近的几次考试来看,短文的长度,英语 ( 一 ) 平均为 120 多个词,其难度英语 ( 一 ) 相当于教材后半部分课文。一般认为在七个考题中,本题得分要相对容易一些。所以考生一定要留出足够的时间认真做好此题。
本题主要考查考生的英语阅读理解能力以及正确的汉语表达能力。
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