我的英语二学习之路（FIGHTING~~)

waitsunset

计划：

10月28日--12月中旬 每日一课基础学习

12月中旬--12月底 第一轮复习

1月1日--1月7日 第二轮复习

1月8日--1月11日 查漏补缺

目标：顺利通过08年1月12日英语二考试

[em02]

cheng8586

是啊，坚持啊，，，

至尊豪侠

强~~!

浅浅

坚持啊,没下文了啊,哈哈

hjhhjh7618

[em22]

王虎

楼主的课后答案在哪搞，能传一份给我吗？

rewolf

楼主好勤快哦，我是准备现在开始复习，明年9月考PETS4的。昨天看了PETS4的第一课，心里一点底都没有。

waitsunset

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world. Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things. There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes; they are for the federal government, state government, and city government. Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

A. New words:
1.tax: n 税；vt 对…征税
a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.
b. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking,
general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字
a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.
b. She typed the letter quickly and well.

4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的
5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱
6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)
a. More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.
b. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.
c. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.

7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)
a. Holiday jobs are many and varied.
b. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)
c. prices of fruit vary from season to season.

8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售
9.charge: v 收费、控告
a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes?
b. He was charged with the guilty of murder.

10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)
a. She always adds sugar to her tea.
b. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.
c. We will need additional help to do the work.

11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*)
a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.
b. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
c. Do you think this will cause much confusion?
d. They confused me by asking so many questions.

11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）
a. Students always complain about too much homework.
b. She complained that the exam was too hard.
c. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病)
d. There is no reason for complaint.

12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful; careful→careless; helpful→helpless; hopeful→hopeless etc.
13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical; practice v 实践、实际
14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序
15.tend: v 易于、倾向于， tendency n 趋势、倾向
a. people tend to get fat as they grow older.
b. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B. Intensive reading:
1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)
译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。
分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.
当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。
e.g. 1>. The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）
2>. The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.
请试着翻译句子：
1你一直在找的那个人来了。
2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。
Answer:
1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.
2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.
短语；be sure of:对…确信、确定
e.g. We can be sure of his honesty.

2. Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)
译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。
短语：have a corner on something:垄断…; lead with因…领先
e.g. China leads the world with her silk products.

3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。
分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于…,
when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。
Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。
a. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)
b. I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)
c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)
另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)
译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。
分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)
译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。
分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item. charged to表示“向…征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.

6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)
译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。
短语：in addition to 除…还有…(+)
e.g. We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.
raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。
短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用…,
spend sth on sth在…花费，或spend sth in doing sth.
e.g. Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.

8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)
译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。
短语：have different views on sth对…有不同观点，tend to 通常， agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb; 同意做某事：agree to do sth.

Ⅲ. Summary about the important phrases:
1.be sure of(1段2行); 2.have a corner on sth(1段2行); 3.lead with(1段4行); 4.consist of(2段1行); 5. depend on(3段3行); 6.that is(3段4行); 7.be similar to(4段3行); 8.in addition to(4段10行); 9.public works(5段4行); 10.municipal buildings(5段5行); 11.complain about(6段3行); 12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行); 13.spend…on(6段4-5行); 14.tend on(6段6行); 15.agree on(6段6行)

[em48]

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-10-29 20:44:14编辑过]

waitsunset

10月29日 UNIT 2

text

02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.

Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.

Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.

The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.

The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.

Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.

02-B. Advertising

Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.

The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.

Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.

The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.

The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.

[em02]

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-10-29 20:41:41编辑过]