我的英语二学习之路（FIGHTING~~)

waitsunset

计划：

10月28日--12月中旬 每日一课基础学习

12月中旬--12月底 第一轮复习

1月1日--1月7日 第二轮复习

1月8日--1月11日 查漏补缺

目标：顺利通过08年1月12日英语二考试

[em02]

waitsunset

10月28日 UNIT 1

TEXT

01-A. How to be a successful language learner?

“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”

Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.

Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.

Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”

But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.

First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.

Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.

What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.

01-B. Language

When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.

An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.

As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.

Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean "keep silent.” When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.

It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry.

But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” and then "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.

waitsunset

Ⅰ.New Words
1.successful: a 成功的；
succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功;
success n; successfully ad (*)
a.She wished him success_ in his new job.
b.Were you successful in finding a new house?
c.I finished my training successfully.
d.He succeeds in finding a good job.
2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致),
n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable
e.g. I always disagree with him.
3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修
e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee. (n保修)
2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year. (v 保修)
4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧
5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的
6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)
e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气) to her mother.
7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*）
字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon
dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的
a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.
b.Children depend on their parents for food.
c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.
8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something
9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的
a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.
b.His behavior isn’t adult.
10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude. decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心
11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语：
①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人；
②communicate with sb: 同某人交流
名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星；
a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信，
China telecommunication中国电信
12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact
incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete
13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，
purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)
a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.
b.We should use the language purposefully.
c.She did it on purpose.
14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，
regular: a 定期的
15.technique: n 技术、技巧，
16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲
a.You should outline the story before you write it.
b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.
Ⅱ.Intensive reading
1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.
大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。
①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement
②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语) / He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：
修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。
通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, (一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！
a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.
b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.
c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.
d.I live in the room whose window faces south.
e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost?
③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。
④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth
e.g. He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.
2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice…
hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。
e.g. five hundred people; hundreds of people
3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与…不同
4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. (*)
译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。
①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。
②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。
③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;
succeed in sth / doing sth
5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地…)
这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。
6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. (*)
译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。
①本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语
②重要短语be similar (to sb/sth) in sth在…方面与某人/某事相似
7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. (*)
译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。
①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves
②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting
③短语：instead of sth; wait for sb to do sth; try to do sth;
8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. (*)
译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。
①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake
②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误
9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.
译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。
①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句
②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth; be afraid to do sth; be afraid that 从句
a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.
b.I am afraid of snake.
c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.
10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。
本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。
11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (*)
译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。
①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.
用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。
e.g. For many people to learn English well is very difficult.
=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well
②短语：learn to do sth学会做…; more important than …更重要
12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.
= For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary
译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的
①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语
②短语：in order to do sth; communicate with sb; learn from sb:向…学习
13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。
①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.
②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day. (4段2行)
14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. (*)
译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。
①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。
②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。
15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。
①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。
②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说; less than successful: 不太成功; might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨…，最好….
e.g. You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.

A. Useful phrases:
1.disagree with …(2段1行); 2.hundreds of(2段3行); 3. be different from…(3段1行); 4. succeed in sth…(3段3行); 5. as much as you can(4段2行); 6. practice doing sth(4段2行); 7. try to do…(4段4行); 8. similar in sth…(5段2行); 9. first of all(6段1行); 10. depend on(6段2行); 11. instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行); 12. wait sb to do…(6段3行); 13. learn from sth/sb(6段7行); 14. make a mistake(7段4行); 15. be afraid to do(7段5行); 16. be willing to do…(7段6行); 17. be interested in sth(8段2行); 18. in order to(8段4行); 19. communicate with sb(8段4行); 20. on the other hand(9段3行); 21. might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B. Some important words:
1.successful; 2. disagree; 3.statement; 4. guarantee; 5. intelligent; 6. conversely; 7. similar; 8. independent; 9. conclusion; 10. communicate; communication; 11. purpose, purposefully; 12. regularly; 13. technique; 14. outline.

C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12)
一、课文练习：
Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;
Ⅱ. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; 7.communication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline
Ⅲ. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. more…than; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely
Ⅳ.1.见课文；
2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.
3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.
4.见一讲作业。
5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.
二、词汇练习：
Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3. cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find, 习题答案为：covered; uncover; discovered
Ⅱ.1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; 4.communicate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent; 8.incomplter; 9.similar; 10.statement
Ⅲ.1.disagree; 2.independent; 3.incomplete; 4.inexact; 5.uncover/discover
Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5. We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.

Ⅱ. Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。
A. Some new words:
1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，
常用短语for instance，例如。
2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，
waitress女服务员、女招待
3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp. to a far away place
travel: v 旅游
4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man
5.exact 反义词inexact
6.consist; v 短语： consist of 组成
e.g. My class consists of 20 students.
7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的

B. Some language points:
1.not only…but also…不但…而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分)
e.g.⑴ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.
⑵ …, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
2.neither…nor:既不…也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。
e.g. ⑴ Autumn is a good season. It’s neither hot nor cold.
⑵ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)
4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法
e.g. I learn English by myself. In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.
5. The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.
a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。
b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不…
6. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.
译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。
短语：consist of,
句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。
Key to the part exercises:
page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-10-28 13:11:26编辑过]

紫色郎君

[em22]

waitsunset

10月29日 UNIT 2

text

02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.

Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.

Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.

The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.

The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.

Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.

02-B. Advertising

Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.

The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.

Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.

The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.

The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.

[em02]

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-10-29 20:41:41编辑过]

waitsunset

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world. Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things. There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes; they are for the federal government, state government, and city government. Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

A. New words:
1.tax: n 税；vt 对…征税
a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.
b. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking,
general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字
a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.
b. She typed the letter quickly and well.

4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的
5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱
6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)
a. More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.
b. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.
c. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.

7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)
a. Holiday jobs are many and varied.
b. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)
c. prices of fruit vary from season to season.

8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售
9.charge: v 收费、控告
a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes?
b. He was charged with the guilty of murder.

10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)
a. She always adds sugar to her tea.
b. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.
c. We will need additional help to do the work.

11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*)
a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.
b. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
c. Do you think this will cause much confusion?
d. They confused me by asking so many questions.

11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）
a. Students always complain about too much homework.
b. She complained that the exam was too hard.
c. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病)
d. There is no reason for complaint.

12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful; careful→careless; helpful→helpless; hopeful→hopeless etc.
13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical; practice v 实践、实际
14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序
15.tend: v 易于、倾向于， tendency n 趋势、倾向
a. people tend to get fat as they grow older.
b. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B. Intensive reading:
1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)
译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。
分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.
当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。
e.g. 1>. The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）
2>. The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.
请试着翻译句子：
1你一直在找的那个人来了。
2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。
Answer:
1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.
2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.
短语；be sure of:对…确信、确定
e.g. We can be sure of his honesty.

2. Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)
译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。
短语：have a corner on something:垄断…; lead with因…领先
e.g. China leads the world with her silk products.

3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。
分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于…,
when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。
Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。
a. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)
b. I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)
c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)
另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)
译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。
分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)
译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。
分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item. charged to表示“向…征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.

6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)
译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。
短语：in addition to 除…还有…(+)
e.g. We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.
raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。
短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用…,
spend sth on sth在…花费，或spend sth in doing sth.
e.g. Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.

8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)
译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。
短语：have different views on sth对…有不同观点，tend to 通常， agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb; 同意做某事：agree to do sth.

Ⅲ. Summary about the important phrases:
1.be sure of(1段2行); 2.have a corner on sth(1段2行); 3.lead with(1段4行); 4.consist of(2段1行); 5. depend on(3段3行); 6.that is(3段4行); 7.be similar to(4段3行); 8.in addition to(4段10行); 9.public works(5段4行); 10.municipal buildings(5段5行); 11.complain about(6段3行); 12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行); 13.spend…on(6段4-5行); 14.tend on(6段6行); 15.agree on(6段6行)

[em48]

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-10-29 20:44:14编辑过]

rewolf

楼主好勤快哦，我是准备现在开始复习，明年9月考PETS4的。昨天看了PETS4的第一课，心里一点底都没有。

王虎

楼主的课后答案在哪搞，能传一份给我吗？

hjhhjh7618

[em22]

浅浅

坚持啊,没下文了啊,哈哈