[分享]英语（二）课文翻译

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Sacrificed to Science ?
是为科学牺牲吗？
Professor Colin Blukemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:
科林·布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院，正在对眼睛疾病进行研究他认为，用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处。
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.
使用动物对于发展麻醉学、疫苗以及糖尿病、癌症、发育失调等疾病的治疗具有至关重要的作用。大部分重大的医学进展都是基于对动物的研究和开发。
There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman Colin Smith says: 　　 Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
有些人认为用动物进行试验根本没有必要，反对用动物进行痛苦实验国际协会是一个提倡使用替代的研究方法，使动物免受痛苦的组织、他们的发言人科林·史密斯说，用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关。它常常能产生令人误导的结果。人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同，我们只要看一下几起医疗错误便会明白情况就是这样。
But Professor Blackmore stresses: 　　It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing, not less. The birth defects (hat the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing. If thalidomide were invented today, it would never he released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.
但是布莱克默教授却强调说，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。萨立多胺就是一个著名的例子，说明对动物进行的实验应该更多而不是更少。这种药物造成的婴儿先天性缺损就是实验不够的结果。如果萨立多胺是今天发明的，它就决不会用在人身上，因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险。
Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is the Hund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction. Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1981. it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing. Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing. Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals. Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance. The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
另一个组织，英文简称叫FRAME，其全称的意思是替代动物药物实验基金会。该组织正在开展替代方法的研究，这个组织承认有很多实验仍然不得不在动物身上进行，但它正致力于减少、改进和代替对动物的实验。1981年时，这个组织确定了一个研究项目来改进非动物试验和扩大非动物试验的范围。新的技术使我们日益容易找到替代的试验方法。可用计算机模型来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性。可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型，这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况。计算机模拟的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物的数量。
The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced. In the original test, all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die. The test indicates toxicity. A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information hut uses fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50. Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects. 　 　　 The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need Co be used --healthier animals provide better experimental results. For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22. Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
药剂致死剂量50(LD50)试验也可以被代替。在最初的试验中，一个试验组里的全部动物都要给予某种物质，直到其中一半死亡为止。这一试验可以指示出物质毒性的大小。另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质，能够给出同样的最终信息，但使用较小的动物并且不需要它们死亡，这个方法可以代替LD50。现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有毒的生物效果。 　　用于实验室试验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好，所以需要的动物就少了。结果是更健康的动物提供了更好的实验效果。例如，以前做一次脊髓灰质炎需要36只猴子，现在只需要22只。此外，资金缺乏也使得使用动物的数鼠减少了，因为购买和豢养这些动物都很费钱。
Birmingham University now has Britain's first department of Biomedical Ethics. Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests. This includes keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience. 　　 In Professor Morton's laboratory, rabbits live together in large runs, filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in. The researchers have also refined some experiments. In the US, one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg, leaving its leg paralysed. In Morton's lab. the researcher cuts u small nerve in the foot. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.
伯明翰大学设有英国的第一个生物医德系。该系的大卫·莫顿教授正在进行动物研究，他热心于尽可能地减少动物的痛苦。被试验的动物一生中95%的时间是在笼子里度过的，因此条件的改善也意味着使它们在不被用来试验时活得更好一些。这包括把它们豢养在更符合要求的笼子里，允许像狗这样的群居性动物能生活在一起，并且努力降低这些动物生活的单调枯燥程度。 　　在莫顿教授的实验室望，兔子一起生活在宽敞的兔舍甩，里面放满了很厚的褥草和箱子以便它们能在甲而躲藏。研究人员们还改进了他们的某些实验。在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在兔子腿上切掉一大段神经，结果就把它的腿弄瘫痪了。在莫顿的实验室里研究人员只在兔子脚上切下一小段神经。研究人员可以看到神经能否再生，老鼠是否还能在笼子里跑来跑去。
Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested, and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives:
即使研究工作中取得了这些新进展，全部实验中也只有极小的一部分在某个阶段不再需要使用动物。如果药物研究需要继续进行并且需要准确试验消费品商品的话，使用动物进行实验就不可能立即停止。布莱克默教授认为，有时候人们没有替代的办法：
Wherever possible, for both ethical and scientific reasons, we do not use animals. But cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they are inside animals. We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model ail the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, or diseases of the brain for example, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. 　　As research techniques become more advanced, (he number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long wav away.
只要可能，为了道德的和科学的两种理由，我们不使用动物。但是细胞生活在动物身上，我们只有在动物体内才能看到它们怎样活动。我们不可能在试管里或用计算机模型模拟出身体对药物或疾病的全部复杂反应。例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时，或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分的代用品来代替动物。 　　随着研究技术的日益先进，用于实验的动物的数量可能会减少，但距离彻底停止使用动物还很遥远。

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Unit Twelve Let Your Mind Wander
让你的思想遨游
Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies, and habitual daydreaming was regarded as evidence of maladjustment or an escape from life's realities and responsibilities. It was believed that habitual daydreaming would eventually distance people from society and reduce their effectiveness in coping with real problems. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
直到最近白日做梦通常被认为是浪费时间或者是神经官能症倾向的一种症状，而习惯性的白日做梦被认为是精神失调或者逃避生活现实和责任的证据。人们相信，习惯性的白日做梦最终会把人同社会疏远并降低他们在处理实际问题时的成效。白日做梦最好也不过被认为是对生活中实际事物的一种补偿性的替代。
As with anything carried to excess, daydreaming can be harmful. There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity. But such extremes are relatively rare, and there is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.We are now beginning to learn how valuable it really is and that when individuals are completely prevented from daydreaming, their emotional balance can be disturbed. Not only are they less able to deal with the pressures of day-to-day existence, but also their self-control and self-direction become endangered.
像任何事情过分都可能有害，白日做梦也一样。总有那么一些人，他们用想入非非的生活来代替从实际活动得到的好处。但是这类极端的情况较为罕见，愈来愈多的证据却支持这样一种现象，即大部分人受白日做梦过少而不是过多之苦。现在我们开始了解，白日做梦如何真有价值．并且人如果白日完全不做梦，他们的情绪平衡会被打乱。不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力会变差，他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损害。
Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life and that a certain amount each day is essential for maintaining equilibrium. Daydreaming, science has discovered, is an effective relaxation technique. But its beneficial effects go beyond this. Experiments show that daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth, powers of concentration, and the ability to interact and communicate with others. 　　 In an experiment with schoolchildren in New York, Dr. Joan Freyberg observed improved concentration: "There was less running around, more happy feelings, more talking and playing in the group, and more attention paid to detail."
研究表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分，每天白天做一定的梦对保持情绪平衡是必不可少的，科学已经发现，白日做梦是一种有效的松弛办法。但它的好处不只这些。试验证明，白日做梦对智力发展、注意力集中和同别人的交往和沟通有相当大的好处。 　　通过用纽约的小学生做实验，琼·弗雷伯格观察到孩子们的专心程度得到了改善：“跑来跑去的情况少了，愉快的心情多了，更多的人在一起谈话和玩耍，对细节的注意力增强了。
In another experiment at Yale University, Dr. Jerome Singer found that daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability. Daydreaming, Singer pointed out, is one way individuals can improve upon reality. It is, he concluded, a powerful spur to achievement. 　　But the value of daydreaming does not stop here. It has been found that it improves a person's ability to be better adapted to practical, immediate concerns, to solve everyday problems, and to come up more readily with new ideas. Contrary to popular belief, constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is, in reality, one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it. While conscious initial effort is always necessary, effective solutions to especially severe problems frequently occur when conscious attempts to solve them have been put off. Inability to relax, to let go of a problem, often prevents its solution.
在另一个耶鲁大学做的实验里，杰罗姆·辛格博士发现，白日做梦导致自我控制的改善和创造性思维能力的增强。辛格指出，白日做梦是人们改善现实的一种方法。他得出结论说，白日做梦强烈激发人取得成就。 　　但白日做梦的价值并不到此为止。人们已经发现，它能改善一个人的能力，使他能更好地适应实际的紧迫的事务，解决日常问题并且更容易地提出新的想法。与一般人的看法相反，经常有意识地致力解决某个问题，实际上是一种效果最差的处理问题的方法。虽然最初的有意识的努力永远是必要的，但对特别困难问题的有效解决办法常常在这种有意识的努力遇到了阻碍的时候才会出现。不会放松，不会放过问题，常常妨碍问题的解决。
Historically, scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments. Their biographies reveal that their best ideas seem to have occurred when they were relaxing and daydreaming. It is well known, for example, that Newton solved many of his toughest problems when his attention was waylaid by private musings. Thomas Alva Edison also knew the value of "half waking" states. Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. 　　Painters, writers, and composers also have drawn heavily on their sensitivity to inner fantasies. Debussy used to gaze at the River Seine and the golden reflections of the selling sun to establish an atmosphere for creativity. Brahms found that ideas came effortless only when he approached a state of deep daydreaming. And Cesar Frank is said to have walked around with a dreamlike gaze while composing, seemingly totally unaware of his surroundings.
在历史上，科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人。他们的传记揭示出，他们最出色的想法是在他们放松和白日做梦时出现的。比如，众所周知，牛顿的很多最困难的问题都是他的注意力被个人的遐想打断时解决的。托马斯·埃尔瓦·爱迪生也懂得“半醒”状态的价值。无论什么时候他遇到一个似乎解决不了的问题时，他会躺在沙发上，四肢舒展，让各种幻觉涌满他的脑海。 　　画家、作家和作曲家都十分依赖对内心幻觉的敏感性。德彪西习惯于凝视着塞纳河上落日的金色倒影来确立一种创造的气氛。布拉姆斯发现，只有当他接近一种深沉的白日梦境时，他的乐思才轻松而来。据说赛萨尔·弗兰克在作曲的时候，走来走去，朦胧凝眸，仿佛毫不意识周围的一切。
Many successful people actually daydreamed their successes and achievements long before they realized them. Henry J. Kaiser maintained that "you can imagine your future,'' and he believed that a great part of his business success was due to positive use of daydreams. Harry S. Truman said that he used daydreaming for rest. Conrad Hilton dreamed of operating a hotel when he was a boy. He recalled that all his accomplishments were first realized in his imagination.
很多有成就的人实际上在他们取得成就之前很久就梦寐以求地幻想过功业。亨利·凯泽主张“你应该想像你的未来。”他相信，他事业成功大部分应归功于积极利用白日梦。哈利·杜鲁门说过，他把白日做梦当成一种休息。康拉德·希尔顿还是个孩子的时候就梦见过开旅馆。他回忆说，他的全部成就最早都是在想像中实现的。
"Great living starts with a picture, held in some person's imagination, of what he would like someday to do or be. Florence Nightingale dreamed of being a nurse. Edison pictured himself an inventor; all such characters escaped the mere push of circumstance by imagining a future so vividly that they headed for it." These are the words of the well-known thinker Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick, and they show that people can literally daydream themselves to success. Fosdick, aware of the wonderful power of positive daydreaming, offered this advice: "Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it. Picture yourself vividly as defeated and that alone will make victory impossible. Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success. Do not picture yourself as anything, and you will drift like an abandoned ship at sea."
“伟大的生活起始于一个人在想像中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事业或成为什么人物。弗洛伦斯—南丁格尔梦想能成为一名护士。爱迪生把自己想成一名发明家。所有这些人都如此生动地幻想自己的未来，朝着这个即定方向前进，从而避免了单纯地受环境的推动。”这是著名的思想家哈利·爱默生·福斯迪克所说的话。这些话说明，人确实可以通过幻想自己而取得成就。福斯迪克知道积极的白日梦的神奇作用，提出了如下的意见：“如果你经久地、坚定地在你的想像中给自己描绘一个形象，你将会被引往这个形象。你如果把自己生动地幻想成一个战败者，单单这一点就能使胜利成为不可能。你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者，这将显著地有助你取得成就。你要是什么也不幻想自己，你将像一条被遗弃的船，在大海上四处漂泊。”
To get the results, you should picture yourself — as vividly as possible — as you want to be. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them. Go over several times the details of these pictures. This will deeply impress them on your memory, and these memory traces will soon start influencing your everyday behavior toward the attainment of the goal. 　　 While exercising your imagination, you should be alone and completely undisturbed. Some individuals seem to have the ability to tune into their private selves in the midst of the noisiest crowds or company. But most of us, especially when the experience is new, require an environment free from outside distraction.
如想得到期望的结果，你应把自己——尽可能生动地——幻想成你要成为的人。重要的是要记住，你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了他们那样。要把幻想的细节在脑子里反复想几遍，这样它们会深深地印在你的记忆中，而这些记忆的痕迹将很快影响你每天的行为去实现你的目标。 　　在幻想的时候，你应该独处一处，完全不受外界干扰。有些人能做到在非常喧闹的人群中调节自己，进人自我。但我们中的大多数人，特别当我们这样做还感到生疏时，需要有一个不受外界干扰的环境。
A life lived without fantasy and daydreaming is a seriously impoverished one. Each of us should put aside a few minutes daily, taking short 10- or 15-minute vacations. Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being, and you will find that this modest, inexpensive investment in time will add up to a more creative and imaginative, a more satisfied, and a more self-fulfilled you.It offers us a fuller sense of being intensely alive from moment to moment, and this, of course, contributes greatly to the excitement and joy of living.
人的一生如果没有想像和梦幻，他的一生将是十分贫乏的。我们每个人每天都应留出几分钟来，享有一次短短的10或15分钟的休闲。白日做梦对你的身心健康大为有益。你会发现这份小小的花费不多的时间投资最终带来的是一个更有创造性，更富有想像力，更心满意足和更踌躇满志的你。它时时使我们更充分地意识到强烈的活力，这当然会大大有助于我们生活的激奋和欢乐。

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Unit Thirteen Work, Labor, and Play
工作，劳作和娱乐
So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family
就我所知，汉纳·阿伦特小姐是第一个说明了工作与劳作之间基本差异的人。一个人要想快乐，必须首先感觉自己是自由的，其次是感到自己是重要的。如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事；或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事，将其当作没有价值或无关紧要的，他就不可能真正快乐。在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里，一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就是他为此得到了报酬，但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶。如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣，只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作，那他就是一名劳作者。
The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not. 　　Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play.Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently- He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
与劳作对应的是娱乐。我们玩游戏时，会感到快乐，否则我们就不会去玩，但这完全是个人的活动，社会对你玩或不玩是不会在意的。 　　介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作。如果一个人对社会给予他报酬而从事的工作发自内心地感兴趣的话，他就是一名工作者；从社会观点来看是必要的劳动，从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐。一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作，不取决于工作本身，而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴趣。比如，它们两者的区别并不等同于体力劳动与脑力劳动之间的区别。园丁或补鞋匠可能是工作者，而银行职员则可能是劳作者。一个人是劳作者还是工作者，可以从他对闲暇的态度看出。对工作者来说，闲暇只是他用来放松和休息以便能有效地工作所需要的时间。因此他尽可能少闲着；工作者会死于冠心病，会忘了妻子的生日。另一方面，对劳动者来说，闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由，因此很自然地他会想像自己被迫劳动的时间越短，自由娱乐的时间越长就越好。
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers?At a guess 1 would say sixteen per cent, and 1 do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
在现代技术社会吧，有百分之几的人能像我一样处在工作者的幸运位置上呢？凭猜测，我会说大概是16％，而且我认为在将来这个数字也不可能增加。
Technology and the division of labor have done two things; by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible.Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase “getting one’s teeth into a problem.”
技术和劳动分工完成了两件事：通过在很多领域消除了对特殊能力或技能的需求，把大量以前令人愉快的有偿工作变成了枯燥无味的劳作；通过提高生产力减少了必要的劳动时间。现在人们已经可能去想像这样一个社会：其大部分人口，即劳作者，将会享有与以前贵族阶层几乎同样多的闲暇时间。可当我们回忆起过去贵族们实际上是如何消磨时光时，前景就不是令人兴奋的了。确实，与当时的贵族相比，为这样一个未来的大众社会解决如何打发闲暇的问题要困难的多。例如，贵族们有程式化的消遣安排：这季节去射猎松鸡，那季节在城里寻欢作乐等等。老百姓更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式，而尽可能地经常改变时尚是符合某些人的经济利益的。另外，老百姓也不能都有打猎的爱好，因为这样的话很快就会没有动物可供射猎了。对其他的贵族娱乐如赌博、决斗和打仗，要找一些与其对等的消遣方式实在是很容易的、如危险驾驶、吸毒和无意义的暴力行为。工作者很少有暴力行为，因为他们会把自己的进取精神都投人到工作中去，不管是像铁匠那样的体力工作还是像科学家或艺术家那样的脑力工作，都是如此。“死死咬住某个问题”这个习语很贴切地表示出了进取精神在脑力工作中的作用。

duangjian

Unit Fourteen The Teacher's Last Shocking Lesson
老师最后令人震惊的一课 一位了不起的妇女与杀害她的歹徒讲道理—并录了音
She used the miniature tape recorder for a graduate-school course she was taking. The device, though, would do much more than capture a lecture. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.
她使用了微型录音机，那是她用来录她正在听的研究生院的一门课的。不过这个设备起的作用要比录下一堂课的内容大得多。正是在凯思琳·温斯坦衬衣口袋里发现的这盘微型卡式录音带不仅使得警察找到了杀害她的凶手嫌疑人，而且也正是它展现了新泽西州的这位老师是一位具有非凡的勇气和同情心的女性。
Weinstein, 45, was on her way to an exam at Toms River High School South on March 14 when she got out of her gold 1995 Toyota Camry to buy a sandwich at the busy Toms River Shopping Center. That's where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane, who, police say, wanted just such a car to celebrate his 17th birthday. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw, the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. The car was then driven to Manitou Park, about two miles from the shopping center. It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. According to Ocean County prosecutor Daniel Carluccio, the taped conversation between Weinstein and L.aSane took place as they removed personal items — hags, notebooks, her six-year-old son's belongings, from the car. "It wasn't hysterical," Carluccio says of the 24-mimue tape. "It wasn't the kind of thing you would expect of someone who is facing a life-threatening situation. Mrs. Weinstein bravely and persistently used every skill and power she had to convince her attacker to simply take her car and not her life."
3月14日，45岁的温斯坦正开车赶往市南汤姆斯河中学参加考试。在繁忙的汤姆斯河购物中心，她停了下来，走出她那辆金色的丰田公司产的1995年款式坎利牌车去买一份三明治。正是在那里她遇上麦克尔·拉森。据警察说，拉森正想要这样一部车来庆贺他的17岁生日。这名歹徒猛地夹住温斯坦的颌部，自称有枪并胁迫她上了车。然后，车被开到距购物中心大约两英里远的曼尼托公园。据警察推测，温斯坦正是在这里才得以打开放在她包里的录音机。据海洋县检查官丹尼尔·卡鲁齐奥说，温斯坦和拉森之间的录音对话是在温斯姻和拉森把她的个人物品——包、笔记本还有她6岁儿子的东西从车上取出来时进行的。关于这盘24分钟的录音带，卡鲁齐奥说，“没有歇斯底里。它也不是那种你能指望一个人在生命受到威胁时所说的话。温斯坦夫人勇敢地一直用她所有的各种技巧和能力，去说服歹徒可以要她的车，但别要她的命。”
The excerpts of the talk released by the prosecutor show why Weinstein was a beloved figure at Thorne Middle School in Middletown, where she was a special-education teacher. "You haven't done anything yet," she tells her attacker. "All you have to do is let me go and lake my ear. For my life, don't you think I should be concerned and let you take my car? For my life! Do you really want to have that on your head?" At another point, (he teacher tries to get him to open up. "Why don't you just tell me? Of course, it's important. It's determining your whole life and (he direction you're taking." Weinstein also talks about her son Daniel and her plans to take in a foster child with her husband Paul. "1 want to give something to somebody, to give something back," she says.
从检查官透露的谈话片段可以说明：作为在米道镇的桑恩中学一名从事特殊教育的老师，温斯坦为什么会在那里成为如此受爱戴的人物。她跟歹徒说，“直到现在你还没犯什么大错。你完全可以拿走我的车，但要放我走。为了活命，难道我还会关心让不让你拿走我的车吗？为了保住我的命！你真的想要背负杀我的罪名？”在另一个时刻，这位老师试图让歹徒敞开他的思想“你难道不能跟我说说吗？当然，这很重要。这关系到你的整个生命和你要走的方向。”温斯坦还谈到了她的儿子丹尼尔以及她与丈夫保罗打算领养一个孩子。她说，“我想为别人做点什么，回报别人。”
Her powers of persuasion were lo no avail. Weinstein's body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker on March 17. She. had been smothered with her coat. But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it. Because Weinstein had asked LaSane aboul himself and his family, police quickly had their suspect, the son of a local official. "Our impression was that she was very aware she was leaving something behind." says Carluccio. He will not comment on LaSane's side of the conversation except to say. "When you hear the tape, it will raise profound questions about what is happening in our world with juveniles and our society. It goes beyond materialism."
她的规劝能力没有起作用。3月17日，一名徒步旅行者发现了温斯坦的尸体，她的手脚被捆绑着。歹徒用她的衣服使她窒息而死。但在她死以前．她没让歹徒知道，偷偷把微型录音机放进了自己的衣袋里。由于温斯坦曾问及拉森本人及其家庭情况，因此警察很快找到了嫌疑犯：一个地方官员的儿子、卡鲁齐奥说，“我们感觉她十分清楚地意识到她会留下点什么。”他不准备评论拉森的谈话部分，而只是说，“你在听带子的时候，会提出关于这个世界上青少年及社会现象的一些深刻的问题。这已不仅仅是物质至上的问题。”
Weinstein also helped leave behind a new program at Thorne Middle School in which students were encouraged to do nice things for others. Every morning Weinstein would announce various good deeds over the p.a. system and she solicited prizes from local merchants and restaurants. Given her fate, the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it: Random Acts of Kindness.
温斯坦也给桑恩中学留下了一个新的活动内容，即鼓励学生为别人多做好事。每天早上温斯坦都曾通过校内广播系统宣布一些好人好事，并且她恳请地方商人和餐馆设奖鼓励这些行为。在她遭受如此不幸命运的时候，这项活动的名称听起来令人心碎：随时随地做好事。

duangjian

Unit 　Fifteen The Computer and The Poet
计算机与诗人
The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, more content, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are, to identity their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is.
人类在计算机化时代所面临的根本问题一如既往。这个问题不仅仅是要提高生产力，使人们更舒适、更满足，而且是怎样才能更有情感、更理智、更均衡、更有活力。计算机使人类进步发生飞跃的变化；它在实际上乃至理论上扫除制约人类智能发展的障碍。但是，涉及到人类对自身的认识，对实际存在的问题的辨别，对美的更充分的理解，对怎样给生活更充分的价值，怎样使人类世界比现在更安全等方面， 计算机给人类带来的究竟是更大的便利还是更多的困难，这个问题依然存在，而且变得日益严重。
Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. But they can't eliminate the foolishness and decay that come from the unexamined life. Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to — the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation. 　　The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may he a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead.
电脑能解开重要研究中的大量解决不了的问题，但不能清除来自未经研究审视的生活的愚蠢与腐朽。电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来，例如，别人的痛苦的现实、提高自身创造力的可能性、人类的记忆、以及下一代人的权利等等。 　　在计算机化时代，上述这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧，正如人们总是倾向于把逻辑与价值相混淆，把智能与洞察力混为一谈一样。方便快捷地获得信息，只有在人们有愿望和能力搞清这些信息意味着什么和会把人们引向何方时，才能够给人带来无限的好处。
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind, Whitehead said, to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced.
信息如果任其泛滥，不加审核，那是可怕的事情。它们很容易被看作已有定论的可靠事实，而不是迫切需要处理使之具有逻辑条理的原始材料中最原始的材料。怀特黑德说过，对信息的分析需要非凡的头脑。计算机能够提供正确的数据，但在未加判断之前它可能只是一个无关的数据。
To the extent, then, that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision, the computer could prove a digression. It could obscure man's awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. "If we begin with certainties." Bacon said, "we shall end in doubts but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties."
因此，在人们不能区别电子智能的这种中间运算与人们决策最终需负的责仟的情况下，计算机可能反而是一种节外生枝。它可能使人们模糊了必须自知之明，满足自身条件的这种意识。当人们实际只提出功能性问题时，计算机可能使人造成这样的错觉：他们提出的是根本性的问题。计算机能被看成是替代智能的工具而不是扩展智能的手段。它可能促使人们对具体的答案过分相信。培根说过，“起始于确信，结果于疑惑；起始于疑惑，继之以不倦研究，则得可信之结果。”
The computer knows how to conquer error, but before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory, we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it."Give me a good fruitful error, full of seeds, bursting with its own corrections," Ferris Greenslet wrote, "You can keep your sterile truth for yourself."
计算机知道如何战胜错误，但是在我们沉醉于庆祝这一成就前，我们也许应该深思，人类以往所取得的巨大进步都是因为人们受到错误挑战并且不断地思考与探索，直到找到对付错误的更好的办法。费里斯·格林里特曾这样写道：“请给我优良的富有成果的错误吧！错误包含自我修正的种子。把不能开花结果的真理留给你自己吧。”
The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed, or enlarged capacity, or prolonged memory, or reduced size, but for better questions and better use of the answers. Without taking anything away from the technicians, we think it might be fruitful to effect some sort of junction between the computer technologist and the poet. A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose the wonders of the creative imagination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology. The company of poets may enable the men who tend the machines to see a wider range of possibilities than technology alone may inspire.
我们对计算机技术惟一的最大的需要不是提高速度、增大容量、延长记忆或者减少体积，而是更好地提出问题和利用其答案。我们认为，在不使技术人员丧失任何东西的情况下，计算机技术人员与诗人之间实现某种结合可能更富有成效。通过在由电了技术解决的问题上充分发挥创造性想像的神奇力量，计算机的真正目的可以实现。诗人的参与能使计算机使用者看到比技术自身所能产生更宽广的应用可能性。
A poet, said Aristotle, has the advantage of expressing the universal; the specialist expresses only the particular. The poet, moreover, can remind us that man's greatest energy comes not from his dynamos but from his dreams. But the quality of a man's dreams can only be a reflection of his subconscious. What he puts into his subconscious, therefore, is quite literally the most important nourishment in the world.
亚里士多德说过，诗人善于表达普遍性；而专家表达的只是特殊性。另外，诗人能提醒我们，人的最大能量不是来自于他充沛的精力而是来自于他的梦想。但是人的梦想的本质只是人的潜意识的反映。因此，诗人在其潜意识中倾注的确确实实是世界上最重要的营养。
Nothing really happens to a man except as it is registered in the subconscious. This is where event and feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored. The poet — and we use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit — can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity, thus safeguarding it. The poet, too, can help to keep man from making himself over in the image of his electronic wonders. For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.
人除了留存在其潜意识里的东西外，其实再也没有什么东西了。在人的潜意识里，事件与情感变成记忆，生活的证据也储存在那里。诗人——我们使用诗人这个词概括一切表现了尊重人类精神并且与人类精神沟通的那些人——能给潜意识以内容，以增强人类精神的敏感性，从而维护人类的精神诗人还可以使人类不致于按照电子奇迹的形象改造自己。因为人类被计算机控制的危险固然存在，但人类若模仿计算机改造人类自身，则更可怕。
The poet reminds men of their uniqueness. It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this uniqueness. Even to speculate on it is a gain.
诗人提醒人们注意自身的独特性。这种独特性最终如何定义无关紧要，但即使思考一下这个问题也会是得益非浅的。

duangjian

希望对大家有用

伊水湄黛

好像很难的啊.

cwj

真的好谢谢你.

lmxy2003

[em22][em22][em22][em22][em22][em22][em22]

幸福的人儿

以下是引用duangjian在2005-12-13 14:33:53的发言：
希望对大家有用

版主真厉害，我正愁看不懂原文咧。[em01]

版主，辛苦啦。[em22]